A refrigerator does not violate the Clausius statement because:

  1. it has no working substance
  2. it is 100% efficient
  3. heat flows spontaneously from cold to hot
  4. external work is done on the refrigerant
Answer

D) external work is done on the refrigerant

Heat is pumped, not flowing by itself. SLO P-11-C-17 · Understanding

Physics MCQ · More Heat Engines, Second Law and Entropy MCQs · Practise